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Adultery as a Ground for Divorce in India: Legal Perspective and Insights

Writer's picture: Sahara Sultana Sahara Sultana

Updated: Jul 4, 2024

Adultery holds recognition as a valid ground for divorce in India, acknowledged specifically within the provisions of Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, the Divorce Act of 1869, and The Special Marriage Act of 1954. This article provides a detailed overview of the key aspects related to adultery as a ground for divorce in India.

1. What Constitutes Adultery in India?

Adultery, in the context of divorce, involves the voluntary engagement in sexual intercourse by a married individual with someone other than their spouse. To qualify as adultery under Indian law, it must meet specific criteria:

  • There should be an act of sexual intercourse outside the marriage.

  • The sexual intercourse must be voluntary.

2. Is Adultery a Criminal Offense in India?

Adultery was, until September 2018, considered a criminal offense under Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, which stated that a man could be punished with imprisonment for up to five years for having sexual intercourse with a married woman without her husband's consent or connivance. However, it was decriminalized by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark case of Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018). While it is no longer a crime, adultery remains a valid ground for divorce under various Personal Laws.


3. Adultery Under Different Personal Laws

  • Hindu Law (Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - Section 13(1)(i)): Adultery is recognized as a ground for divorce under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Act defines adultery as voluntary sexual intercourse by a person who is married to someone who is not their spouse. Even a single act of sexual intercourse outside wedlock is sufficient to file for divorce. It's important to note that the term "voluntary" indicates that the act of sexual intercourse must be with the free consent of the guilty party. Both the husband and the wife can initiate divorce proceedings based on adultery.

  • Muslim Law: Under Muslim law, husbands have the unilateral power to divorce their wives. If a Muslim husband accuses his wife of committing adultery, it may not necessarily lead to divorce. However, if a wife can prove that her husband falsely accused her of adultery, she may be entitled to seek a divorce. Muslim women can seek divorce on the grounds of adultery through the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939. This act provides certain grounds on which a Muslim woman can obtain a divorce, and adultery is one of them.

  • Christian Law (Divorce Act, 1869 - Section 10): The Divorce Act, 1869 governs divorce among Christians in India. Adultery is considered a ground for divorce under this law. To obtain a divorce, the petitioner must prove that they had no role in the respondent's act of adultery and did not aid, connive, or collude with the respondent or their paramour.

  • Special Marriage Act, 1954 (Section 27): The Special Marriage Act, 1954, is a secular law that governs interfaith marriages. Adultery is recognized as a ground for divorce under this act. A spouse can file for divorce if their partner has committed adultery. However, the petition can only be filed after one year from the date of marriage registration.

4. Steps to Address Adultery in Divorce Proceedings

If a spouse suspects adultery and wishes to take legal action, the following steps can be taken:

  • Gather Evidence: Evidence is crucial to prove adultery in court. This evidence may include photographs, messages, hotel receipts, eyewitness accounts, or any other relevant information.

  • Hire a Lawyer: Consult a lawyer experienced in handling adultery cases to understand the legal procedures and admissibility of evidence.

  • File for Divorce: Adultery can be a valid ground for divorce under various Personal Laws. Depending on the situation, the divorce can be mutual or contested, and legal proceedings will follow.

5. Proving Adultery in Court

Proving adultery in court can be challenging due to its clandestine nature. Circumstantial evidence, such as photographs, messages, or eyewitness accounts, can be presented to establish adultery. It's important to note that a high standard of proof is not always required in divorce cases. The court will weigh the evidence presented and make a decision based on the merits of the case.


Conclusion: Adultery as a ground for divorce in India is a nuanced legal matter that requires a deep understanding of Personal Laws and their respective sections. While adultery is no longer a criminal offense, it can significantly impact divorce proceedings. Each case is unique, and the outcome depends on the specific circumstances, evidence presented, and the application of relevant legal provisions.

 

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Disclaimer: The information on the website is for information purpose, Legalshiksha.com and its team isn't responsible for any actions which you might have taken. If you need any legal advice please contact us or any advocate before proceeding with your case hearing.

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